This is a single zone residential hydronic system model for WP 1.2 of IBPSA project 1.

Building Design and Use

Architecture

This building envelope model corresponds to the BESTEST case 900 test case. It consists of a single zone with a rectangular floor plan of 6 by 8 meters and a height of 2.7 m. The zone further consists of two south-oriented windows of 6 m2 each, which are modelled using a single window of 12 m2.

Constructions

The walls consist of 10 cm thick concrete blocks and 6 cm of foam insulation. For more details see IDEAS.Buildings.Validation.Data.Constructions.HeavyWall. The floor consists of 8 cm of concrete and 1 m of insulation, representing a perfectly insulated floor. The roof consists of a light construction and 11 cm of fibreglass.

Occupancy schedules

The zone is occupied by one person before 7 am and after 8 pm each weekday and full time during weekends.

Internal loads and schedules

There are no internal loads other than the occupants.

Climate data

The model uses a climate file containing one year of weather data for Brussels, Belgium.

HVAC System Design

Primary and secondary system designs

The model only has a primary heating system that heats the zone using a single radiator with thermostatic valve, a circulation pump and a water heater. The system is presented in Figure 1 below. The radiator nominal thermal power and heater maximum thermal power is 5 kW. The heating setpoint is set to 21 °C during occupied periods and 15 °C during unoccupied periods. The cooling setpoint is set to 24 °C during occupied peridos and 30 °C during unoccupied periods. The gas heater efficiency is computed using a polynomial curve and it uses a PI controller to modulate supply water temperature between 20 and 80 °C to track a reference for the operative zone temperature that equals the heating setpoint plus an offset of 0.1 °C by default.

Equipment specifications and performance maps

The heating system circulation pump has the default efficiency of the pump model, which is 49%; at the time of writing. The heater efficiency is computed using a polynomial curve.

Rule-based or local-loop controllers (if included)

The model assumes a pump with a constant head, which results in a fixed flow rate due to the fixed pressure drop coefficient of the radiator. The supply water temperature set point of the boiler is modulated using a PI controller that tracks zone operative temperature to follow the zone operative temperature setpoint, depicted as controller C1 in Figure 1 and shown in Figure 2 below. For baseline control, this setpoint is defined as the heating comfort setpoint plus an offset of 0.1 °C. The pump is switched on and off with hysteresis based on the indoor temperature with the heating set point as the low point and the cooling set point as the high point. It is assumed that the boiler exactly outputs the supply water temperature set point using an ideal controller depicted as C2 in Figure 1.

Model IO's

Inputs

• ovePum_activate [1] [min=0, max=1]: Activation signal to overwrite input ovePum_u where 1 activates, 0 deactivates (default value)
• ovePum_u [1] [min=0.0, max=1.0]: Integer signal to control the stage of the pump either on or off
• oveTSetCoo_activate [1] [min=0, max=1]: Activation signal to overwrite input oveTSetCoo_u where 1 activates, 0 deactivates (default value)
• oveTSetCoo_u [K] [min=278.15, max=308.15]: Zone operative temperature setpoint for cooling
• oveTSetHea_activate [1] [min=0, max=1]: Activation signal to overwrite input oveTSetHea_u where 1 activates, 0 deactivates (default value)
• oveTSetHea_u [K] [min=278.15, max=308.15]: Zone operative temperature setpoint for heating
• oveTSetSup_activate [1] [min=0, max=1]: Activation signal to overwrite input oveTSetSup_u where 1 activates, 0 deactivates (default value)
• oveTSetSup_u [K] [min=293.15, max=353.15]: Supply temperature setpoint of the heater

Outputs

• reaCO2RooAir_y [ppm] [min=None, max=None]: CO2 concentration in the zone
• reaPPum_y [W] [min=None, max=None]: Pump electrical power
• reaQHea_y [W] [min=None, max=None]: Heating thermal power
• reaTRoo_y [K] [min=None, max=None]: Operative zone temperature
• weaSta_reaWeaCeiHei_y [m] [min=None, max=None]: Cloud cover ceiling height measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaCloTim_y [s] [min=None, max=None]: Day number with units of seconds
• weaSta_reaWeaHDifHor_y [W/m2] [min=None, max=None]: Horizontal diffuse solar radiation measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaHDirNor_y [W/m2] [min=None, max=None]: Direct normal radiation measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaHGloHor_y [W/m2] [min=None, max=None]: Global horizontal solar irradiation measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaHHorIR_y [W/m2] [min=None, max=None]: Horizontal infrared irradiation measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaLat_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Latitude of the location
• weaSta_reaWeaLon_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Longitude of the location
• weaSta_reaWeaNOpa_y [1] [min=None, max=None]: Opaque sky cover measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaNTot_y [1] [min=None, max=None]: Sky cover measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaPAtm_y [Pa] [min=None, max=None]: Atmospheric pressure measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaRelHum_y [1] [min=None, max=None]: Outside relative humidity measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaSolAlt_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Solar altitude angle measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaSolDec_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Solar declination angle measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaSolHouAng_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Solar hour angle measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaSolTim_y [s] [min=None, max=None]: Solar time
• weaSta_reaWeaSolZen_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Solar zenith angle measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaTBlaSky_y [K] [min=None, max=None]: Black-body sky temperature measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaTDewPoi_y [K] [min=None, max=None]: Dew point temperature measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaTDryBul_y [K] [min=None, max=None]: Outside drybulb temperature measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaTWetBul_y [K] [min=None, max=None]: Wet bulb temperature measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaWinDir_y [rad] [min=None, max=None]: Wind direction measurement
• weaSta_reaWeaWinSpe_y [m/s] [min=None, max=None]: Wind speed measurement

Forecasts

• EmissionsElectricPower [kgCO2/kWh]: Kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kWh of electricity
• EmissionsGasPower [kgCO2/kWh]: Kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kWh thermal from gas
• HDifHor [W/m2]: Horizontal diffuse solar radiation
• HDirNor [W/m2]: Direct normal radiation
• HGloHor [W/m2]: Horizontal global radiation
• HHorIR [W/m2]: Horizontal infrared irradiation
• InternalGainsCon[1] [W]: Convective internal gains of zone
• InternalGainsLat[1] [W]: Latent internal gains of zone
• InternalGainsRad[1] [W]: Radiative internal gains of zone
• LowerSetp[1] [K]: Lower temperature set point for thermal comfort of zone
• Occupancy[1] [number of people]: Number of occupants of zone
• PriceElectricPowerConstant [($/Euro)/kWh]: Completely constant electricity price
• PriceElectricPowerDynamic [($/Euro)/kWh]: Electricity price for a day/night tariff
• PriceElectricPowerHighlyDynamic [($/Euro)/kWh]: Spot electricity price
• PriceGasPower [($/Euro)/kWh]: Price to produce 1 kWh thermal from gas
• TBlaSky [K]: Black Sky temperature
• TDewPoi [K]: Dew point temperature
• TDryBul [K]: Dry bulb temperature at ground level
• TWetBul [K]: Wet bulb temperature
• UpperCO2[1] [ppm]: Upper CO2 set point for indoor air quality of zone
• UpperSetp[1] [K]: Upper temperature set point for thermal comfort of zone
• ceiHei [m]: Ceiling height
• cloTim [s]: One-based day number in seconds
• lat [rad]: Latitude of the location
• lon [rad]: Longitude of the location
• nOpa [1]: Opaque sky cover [0, 1]
• nTot [1]: Total sky Cover [0, 1]
• pAtm [Pa]: Atmospheric pressure
• relHum [1]: Relative Humidity
• solAlt [rad]: Altitude angel
• solDec [rad]: Declination angle
• solHouAng [rad]: Solar hour angle.
• solTim [s]: Solar time
• solZen [rad]: Zenith angle
• winDir [rad]: Wind direction
• winSpe [m/s]: Wind speed

Additional System Design

Lighting

No lighting model is included.

Shading

No shading model is included.

Model Implementation Details

Moist vs. dry air

The model uses moist air despite that no condensation is modelled in any of the used components.

Pressure-flow models

A simple, single circulation loop is used to model the heating system.

Infiltration models

Fixed air infiltration corresponding to an n50 value of 10 is modelled.

Scenario Information

Time Periods

The Peak Heat Day (specifier for /scenario API is 'peak_heat_day') period is:

This testing time period is a two-week test with one-week warmup period utilizing baseline control. The two-week period is centered on the day with the maximum 15-minute system heating load in the year.

Start Time: Day 311.

End Time: Day 325.

The Typical Heat Day (specifier for /scenario API is 'typical_heat_day') period is:

This testing time period is a two-week test with one-week warmup period utilizing baseline control. The two-week period is centered on the day with the maximum 15-minute system heating load that is closest from below to the median of all 15-minute maximum heating loads of all days in the year.

Start Time: Day 334.

End Time: Day 348.

Energy Pricing

All pricing scenarios include the same constant value for transmission fees and taxes of each commodity. The used value is the typical price that household users pay for the network, taxes and levies, as calculateed by Eurostat and obtained from: The energy prices and costs in Europe report. For the assumed location of the test case, this value is of 0.20 EUR/kWh for electricity and of 0.03 EUR/kWh for gas.

The Constant Electricity Price (specifier for /scenario API is 'constant') profile is:

The constant electricity price scenario uses a constant price of 0.0535 EUR/kWh, as obtained from the \"Easy Indexed\" deal for electricity (normal rate) in https://www.energyprice.be/products-list/Engie (accessed on June 2020). Adding up the transmission fees and taxes, the final constant electricity price is of 0.2535 EUR/kWh.

The Dynamic Electricity Price (specifier for /scenario API is 'dynamic') profile is:

The dynamic electricity price scenario uses a dual rate of 0.0666 EUR/kWh during day time and 0.0383 EUR/kWh during night time, as obtained from the \"Easy Indexed\" deal for electricity (dual rate) in https://www.energyprice.be/products-list/Engie (accessed on June 2020). The on-peak daily period takes place between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. The off-peak daily period takes place between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. Adding up the transmission fees and taxes, the final dynamic electricity prices are of 0.2666 EUR/kWh during on-peak periods and of 0.2383 during off-peak periods.

The Highly Dynamic Electricity Price (specifier for /scenario API is 'highly_dynamic') profile is:

The highly dynamic electricity price scenario is based on the the Belgian day-ahead energy prices as determined by the BELPEX wholescale electricity market in the year 2019. Obtained from: https://my.elexys.be/MarketInformation/SpotBelpex.aspx Notice that the same constant transmission fees and taxes of 0.20 EUR/kWh are added up on top of these prices.

The gas price is assumed constant and of 0.0198 EUR/kWh as obtained from the \"Easy Indexed\" deal for gas https://www.energyprice.be/products-list/Engie (accessed on June 2020). Adding up the transmission fees and taxes, the final constant gas price is of 0.0498 EUR/kWh.

Emission Factors

The Electricity Emissions Factor profile is:

It is used a constant emission factor for electricity of 0.167 kgCO2/kWh which is the grid electricity emission factor reported by the Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB) for year 2018. For reference, see: https://www.carbonfootprint.com/docs/2019_06_emissions_factors_sources_for_2019_electricity.pdf

The Gas Emissions Factor profile is:

Based on the kgCO2 emitted per amount of natural gas burned in terms of energy content. It is 0.18108 kgCO2/kWh (53.07 kgCO2/milBTU). For reference, see: https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php